Exercise a
In the photo she's in her fifties and in the second she's 19. Her hair is lighter and thinner and she has wrinkles.

Exercise b
a 4    b 2    c 1    d 6    e 3    f 5

Exercise c
1. reminds
2. gorgeous
3. a waste
4. loads of
5. witty
6. the life and the soul (of the party)
7. gentle
8. challenges

Exercise d
Possible answers:
1. Be happy with the way you look when you are young.
2. If you become famous, enjoy it - don't be embarrassed by it.
3. Be a good listener, not just a good talker.
4. Try to understand why someone is treating you badly. It's probably because they are unhappy.
5. Make the most of your time when you are young enough to learn things.
6. If you are offered the chance to do something, go for it!

Exercise a
1C    2A    3B    4D
Two (Karl Scheele and Marie Curie) died as a result of their research.

Exercise b
1b    2a    3c    4d    5a    6d    7b    8c

Exercise c
lenses: curved pieces of glass or plastic that make things larger, smaller or clearer.
phosphorus: a chemical (element)
elements: simple chemicals which consist of atoms of only one type, e.g. oxygen.
chlorine: a chemical (element) often used to keep swimming pool water clean.
substance: a type of solid, liquid, or gas that has particular properties, e.g. a chemical substance.
mercury: a poisonous chemical element that used to be used in thermometers.
cyanide: another highly poisonous chemical
toxic: containing poison
radiation: powerful and very dangerous rays that are sent out from radioactive substances.
radioactive: sending out radiation
lead /led/: a chemical element, which is a heavy soft grey metal used especially in the past for water pipes.
craters: large holes in the top of a volcano or holes in the ground caused by, e.g. a bomb explosion.
comets: masses of ice and dust which moves around the sun and looks like a bright star with a tail.

Exercise b
Rumspringa is a time when teenage Amish have to decide whether they want to stay in the community or leave.

Exercise c
1. T  
2. T
3. F. Ruth has never seen art before - they are not allowed to do art at school.
4. T
5. F. The people who are really learning something are the city kids.
6. F. He ignored him.
7. F. The majority choose to stay.
8. T
9. T
10. F. He / she says it depends on your point of view.

Exercise a
1. c    2. b    3. c

Exercise b
The controversy was about what Neil Armstrong actually said when he landed on the moon. Did he say 'One small step for man...' or 'One small step for a man...'?
The 'a' is important because the sentence makes good sense with it ('One small step for an individual man, but a giant leap for humans in general').
Without the article the sentence does not make sense as it means 'One small step for people in general, one giant leap for people in general'.

Exercise c
20th July 1969 - It was the date of the first moon landing.
6 hours and 40 minutes - The time the astronauts spent in the aircraft between landing on the moon and stepping out of the capsule.
500 million - People who watched or listened to the moon landing live.
Buzz Aldrin - The second man to step on the moon.
First Man - The name of Armstrong's biography.
James Hansen - The author of Armstrong's biography.
Peter Shann Ford - The computer expert who discovered through sound analysis that Armstrong really did say the 'a'.

Exercise d
2. mankind (noun): people in general, humanity.
3. momentous (adj): very important or serious.
4. meaningful (adj): having a clear meaning.
5. memorable (adj): worth remembering.
6. inaudible (adj): can't be heard

STORMY WEATHER

Exercise a
1. Amsterdam, Holland (bikes, canals)
2. London, UK (underground, pub)
3. The State of California, USA (yard, truck, Interstate 5, awesome)

Exercise b
1 1 ok    3 ok
2 2 ok
3 3 ok
4 2 ok
5 3 ok
6 1 ok 3 ok
7 1 ok
8 1 ok 3 ok
9 2 ok

Exercise  c
storm = very bad weather with strong winds and rain
hurricane-force winds = very strong winds
blown = past participle of "blow", what the wind does
scorching = very hot
heat = the noun of hot
melting = becoming liquid because of the heat
sweat = to lose water through your skin when you are hot, ill or afraid
fan = a machine with blades that go round to create a current of air, or a thing you move in your hand to create air
frozen = past participle of "freeze", to become hard and often turn to ice
thaws = (of snow) to become water again

LET YOUR BODY DO THE TALKING

Exercise c
A 8    B 7    C 6    D 3    E 4    F 2    G 1    H 5

Exercise d

fidgeting = keep moving, e.g. your hands and feet, because you are nervous or bored.
tapping = hitting somebody / something quickly and lightly.
clasped = hold something tightly in your hand.
index finger = the finger next to your thumb.
strokes = moves hand gently over a surface, usually several times.
ear lobes = the soft parts at the bottom of your ears.
a lock = a few hairs that hang or lie together on your head.
tuck their hair behind their ears = to push their hair so that it is held in place.
rubbing (your eyes) = moving your hand backwards and forwards over something while pressing firmly.

HOW I TRAINED MY HUSBAND

1. She used to stop what she was doing and help him. Now she doesn't pay him any attention.

2. Because she was writing a book about exotic animal trainers, she spent a lot of time watching them training animals.
    It occurred to her that she could use the same techniques to "train" her husband.
    That you reward good behaviour and ignore bad behaviour.

3. Teaching someone new behaviour by rewarding each small step they take. She began to praise him every time he did something she wanted him to do like put dirty washing in the hamper, etc.


4. He wanted to stop the birds landing on his head and shoulders. He trained them to land somewhere else (on mats). She stopped him from getting in her way in the kitchen when she was cooking by giving hime a job to do, e.g. grating cheese, at the other end of the kitchen island.

5. She learned a technique called L.R.S. which means not responding at all when someone does something wrong. The idea is that if you don't respond to it, the bad behaviour will disappear. When her husband was looking for his keys she just said nothing and carried on with what she was doing.


6. They start to use the same technique on their trainer. He used the L.R.S. technique - he ignored her when she was complaining about her braces.

Remember first that to offend means to commit a crime and a offender is a person who commits a crime.

Exercise b
1. She had to spend the night in the same forest.
2. They have to choose between having their licence suspended for 90 days or for less time and working for a day as a school crossing guard.
3. He had to go to a mortuary to view dead bodies.
4. They had to organize a picnic for primary school children.
5. They had to spend a day of silence in the woods or listen to classical music instead of rock.

Exercise c
1. Hard. He was from a poor family, the oldest of nine children. He has been very successful (president of the American Judges Association).
2. Michelle Murray, the man with the loaded gun, and the noisy neighbours learn from personal experiences. The drivers and the teenage vandals have to do something for other people.
3. His background. He thinks he understands why some people commit crimes. He thinks they are better than conventional punishments because people don't reoffend, and the evidence that he is right is that he

EXERCISE a

The test involves going to bed holding a spoon in your hand. When you fall asleep the spoon falls onto a plate and wakes you up. If you are already sleeping so deeply that the spoon doesn't wake you up, then you are "sleep deprived."

The last sentence means that we need to give as much importance to sleeping enough as we do to taking exercise because both are vital for good health.

EXERCISE b

A - So much to do, so little time and Going against nature: 1,4,6,7,,9,12
B - Sleepy people and Sleep tips: 2,3,5,8,10,11

EXERCISE c

1. Before the invention of the light bulb people slept during the hours of darkness.
2. Because doctors who are on "night call" are more sleep deprived than doctors working during the day.
3. Yes. They are very effective in restoring our energy levels and making us feel happier, etc.
4. 6.2 hours a night (during the week). Yes.
5. Because they often take important decisions when they are too tired.
6. The hours of sleep that we owe our body, that is, the extra hours we need to sleep to feel at our best.
7. Caffeine.
8. Driving when you are tired isn't against the law but it's just as dangerous.
9. They sleep less because they have more reasons not to sleep (work, the Internet, TV, 24/7 society).
10. It shouldn't be hot, used as an office, or for watching TV.
11. Tired engineers made very serious mistakes with catastrophic consequences.
12. 8-8.5 hours.

WHAT'S YOUR SOUNDTRACK?

Exercise d

1B    2D    3B    4C    5A    6A    7D    8C

MUSIC VOCABULARY BANK

1. Instruments and musicians

a. 1 bass guitar    2 trumpet    3 piano    4 keyboard    5 drums    6 violin    7 saxophone    8 cello     9 organ

b. bass guitarist, cellist, drummer, keyboard player, organist, pianist, saxophonist, trumpeter, violinist

c. 1 tenor    2 bass    3 soprano    4 orchestra    5 choir    6 singer-songwriter    7 rapper    8 soloist
    9 lead singer    10 conductor    11 composer    12 DJ (Disc Jockey)

2. Adjectives and phrases to describe music

1D    2E    3F    4A    5B    6C

3. Idioms

1C    2E    3A    4B    5D

Have a look at the WORKSHOP SECTION to enjoy a collaborative task to practise MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCES